Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

What are the vital functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses?

Answer 1

• Olfaction
• Provides route for inspired air
• Filtering and humidifying inpsiured air
• Allowing drainage of secretions from paranasal sinuses and nasolarimal ducts
• Resonating chamber for speech

Question 2

How does the nose remove particles from air?

Answer 2

By trapping in nasal hair and mucous

Question 3

Why does the nose and nasal cavity need to warm inspired air?

Answer 3

So that is doesn’t irritate the naso- and oropharynx

Question 4

What is the external nose?

Answer 4

A predominantly cartiaginous structure

Question 5

What forms the root of the external nose?

Answer 5

The frontal processes of the maxillae and two nasal bones

Question 6

What is the bridge of the nose?

Answer 6

The junction between bone and cartilage

Question 7

What is the result of the nose lying in such a prominent position?

Answer 7

It is often involved in injuries to the face

Question 8

What can injuries to the nose cause?

Answer 8

• Septal deviation
• Nasal bone fractures
• Lots of swelling

Question 9

What is the result of there being lots of swelling in injuries to the nose?

Answer 9

May not be able to reset the nost immediately

Question 10

What is it important to consider in a patient with a nasal fracture?

Answer 10

If you have sustained a nasal fracture, you must have sustained a resonable force to the face, and so must consider other injuries, and take a comprehensive history with examination

Question 11

What fractures in a nasal fracture?

Answer 11

The bone, the cartilaginous part is squashy and moveable, so absorbs some of the force

Question 12

What is the space between the shelf of the external nose called?

Answer 12

The vestibule

Question 13

What is the vestibule?

Answer 13

The entrance into the nasal cavity

Question 14

What is the vestibule lined with?

Answer 14

Skin, with sebaceous glands and hair cells

Question 15

Where does the nasal cavity extend?

Answer 15

From the nostrils anteriorly (anterior nasal aperture) to posterior nasal aperture

Question 16

What does the nasal cavity have it terms of borders?

Answer 16

• Roof
• Floor
• Two walls

Question 17

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

Answer 17

• Hard palate - maxilla and palatine bone
• Soft palate

Question 18

What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

The nasal septum

Question 19

What is the nasal septum made up of?

Answer 19

• Septal cartilage
• Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
• Vomer bone

Question 20

Draw a diagram of the nasal septum

Answer 20

Question 21

What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity made up of?

Answer 21

Maxilla

Question 22

What does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity have?

Answer 22

Shelf like bony projections called turbinates

Question 23

What are the names of the turbinates?

Answer 23

• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior

Question 24

What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity covered by?

Answer 24

Respiratory mucosa

Question 25

What do the turbinates create?

Answer 25

Spaces underneath called meatus

Question 26

What is the function of the turbinates?

Answer 26

* Slow airflow, so air can be modified * Increases surface area over which air passes

Question 27

What does the nasal cavity open into?

Answer 27

The nasopharynx

Question 28

What does the nasopharynx have an opening into?

Answer 28

The Eustachian tube

Question 29

What is the significance of the Eustachian tube?

Answer 29

It is in anatomical connection with the middle ear, and so a potential route for the spread of infection

Question 30

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 30

* Extensions of the nasal cavity

Question 31

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 31

* Maxillary * Frontal * Ethmoidal * Sphenoid

Question 32

What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 32

Maxillary

Question 33

What does the maxillary sinus occupy?

Answer 33

Most of the maxilla bone

Question 34

What does the ethmoidal sinus collectively consist of?

Answer 34

Anterior, middle, and posterior air cells

Question 35

Describe the paranasal sinuses at birth

Answer 35

Absent or rudimentary

Question 36

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

Answer 36

Respiratory mucosa; * Ciliated * Pseudostratified * Columnar * Have goblet cells for mucous secretion

Question 37

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 37

* Help humidify and warm inspired air * Reduce weight of the skull

Question 38

What is the relationship between the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 38

They all communicate with the nasal cavity via their respective opennings, and drain into the nasal cavity via small channels called the ostia

Question 39

What can any obstruction to drainage from the paranasal sinuses lead to?

Answer 39

Accumulation of mucosal secetions and development of infection

Question 40

What is in important anatomical relation with the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 40

* Orbit * Anterior cranial fossa * Roots of upper teeth

Question 41

How is the orbit in anatomical relations with the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 41

Ethmoidal air cells

Question 42

Which sinus is the anterior cranial fossa in important anatomical relation with?

Answer 42

Frontal

Question 43

What do the roots of the upper teeth sometimes project into?

Answer 43

The maxillary sinus

Question 44

What is the rich blood supply to the nasal mucosa key for?

Answer 44

To allow the warming and humidification of inspired air in nasal cavity

Question 45

Where is the venonus drainage of the nasal cavity into?

Answer 45

* Cavernous sinus * Facial veinn * Pterygoid plexus

Question 46

What is the blood supply of the antero-superior portion of the nasal cavity and most of the paranasal sinuses via?

Answer 46

Branches of opthalmic artery

Question 47

What is the nerve of the antero-superior portion of the nasal cavity and most of the paranasal sinuses via?

Answer 47

Opthalmic nerve

Question 48

What is the blood supply to the postero-inferior portion of the nose via?

Answer 48

Branches of maxillary artery

Question 49

What is the nerve supply to the postero-inferior portion of the nose via?

Answer 49

Maxillary nerve

Question 50

What does Waldeyer's tonsillar ring refer to?

Answer 50

A collection of lymphatic tissue surrounding the superior pharynx

Question 51

What does Waldeyer's tonsillar ring consist of?

Answer 51

* Lingual tonsil * Palatine tonsils * Tubal tonsils * Pharyngeal tonsils, *or the nasopharynx/adenoid tonsil*

Question 52

Where is the lingual tonsil located?

Answer 52

On the posterior base of the tongue

Question 53

What does the lingual tonsil form?

Answer 53

The antero-inferior part of the ring

Question 54

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Answer 54

On each side between the palatoglossal and glossopharyngeal arches

Question 55

What are the palatine tonsils?

Answer 55

The common 'tonsils' that can be seen within the oral cavity

Question 56

What do the palatine tonsils form?

Answer 56

Lateral part of the ring

Question 57

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

Answer 57

Where the Eustachian tube opens into the nasopharynx

Question 58

What do the tubal tonsils form?

Answer 58

The lateral part of the ring

Question 59

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

Answer 59

In the roof of the nasopharynx. behind the uvula

Question 60

What does the pharyngeal tonsil form?

Answer 60

The postero-superior part of the ring

Question 61

What is the purpose of Waldeyer's Ring?

Answer 61

Responds to pathogens that may be ingested or inhaled