Monday Wk 6 Mixed 2 Flashcards
__ is protrusion of neural tissue through cranial defect
Neural folds fuse on __ to from the neural tube
corticospinal tract first order neurons located in __/__ cortex of frontal lobe
run through //_ to form pyramids on anterior medulla
decussate to from __ CS tract or descend as anterior CS tract
2nd order neurons located on __
lesion above __ leads to dec descending inhibition and thus hyperreflexia/spasticity
C tetani first binds to presynaptic membranes of __ and travels retrograde to CNS inhib neurons
Serotonin can be inc released by __ to cause fluid secretion
encephalocele
midline
premotor/motor
IC/midbrain/pons
lateral
anterior
anterior horn
peripheral motor neurons
V cholera
cancer cells use __ to remove transmembrane domain from FasR thus evading apoptosis
TPN may lead to __ formation
absence of enteral stimulation via fat/AA in duodenum dec __ release resulting in biliary stasis
any process that dec BA __ can dec solubility of cholesterol in bile
advanced liver dz can dec conversion of cholesterol to __ thus inc risk of gallstone formation
after Rh __, subsequent pregnancies at inc risk for _
highest blood exchange occurs during __
admin IgG anti-D antigens at __ and postpartum to prevent formation of antibodies
this prevents interaction w mother __
Pica associated w / defic
this is __ food items
alternative splicing
gallstone
CCK
reabsorption
bile acids
alloimunization HDN delivery 8w immune system
Fe/Zn
non-staple
_ is modeling one’s behavior off somehow powerful/prestigious
depression, fatigue, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, SEVERE depression, w psychomotor retardation is __ withdrawal
isolated systolic HTN seen in __ w SBP>140, DBP<90
due to arterial __ w endothelial dysfxn and dec elastin/inc collagen
this dec compliance in /
cortical atrophy can lead to __ w expanded ventricles and normal CSF pressure
NPH has chronic reduction in __ w enlarged ventricles oop to cortical atrophy
bc it is slow, CSF pressure can __
acute processes lead to __ pressure and mental status changes
__ is congenital absence of GYRI
identification
COCAINE
elderly
stiffness
aorta, peripheral arteries
hydrocephalus ex vacuou
CSF absorption
normalize
higher
LISSENCEPHALY
ventilation occurs to a greater degree from _ to base
gravity stretches lungs __, thus at end expiration, alveoli at apex are more expanded
a smaller amount of air is then __
zone 1 perfusion occurs at __ w hemorrhage or high alveolar pressures
alveolar > _ > venous pressure
blood must pump against __ thus no BF in normal pt
Zone 2 perfusion found in __ regions
arterial > __> venous pressure
alveolar pressure is greater than venous, thus obstructed near __ end
as arterial pressure rises, it overcomes __ so BF is pulsatile
zone 3 found in __ regions
arterial > __> alveolar
blood flow is __ as alveolar pressure is lowest
when supine, diff in perfusion is __ as gravity affects all lung the same
thus, all blood flow is zone 3 when __
perfusion inc in greater degree from _ to base
thus, VQ ratio __
apex downward inhaled apex arterial gravity
upper
alveolar
venous
alveolar pressure
lower venous continuous negated supine
apex
falls
lip lesions of HSV1 less severe due to / immunity from prior infection
vesicles due to cell __ w necrosis/tissue destrxn, and fluid accumulation
seen on gums and __ palate
vesicles on buccal mucosa, tongue, soft palate is __
chronic __ use is major RF for osteoporosis
MMP increases __ at wound edges/scar tissue remodeling
leads to wound __
ulceration of wound is due to inadequate __ during healing
characteristic mouse like odor following dog bite is __
due to __ positivity
also see S/S in wound
tx w A/C
at low pO2, hemoglobin binding to O2 is __
__ effect releases CO2 from tissues to form HCO3 and H by CA
__ remains as HCO3 is exchanged for Cl
__ residues bind H and stabilize deoxy form
as Hb enters lung, rise in _ aids in release of H/CO known as haldane effect
HCO3 exchanged for __ as CA forms CO2/water to expire
humoral/cell mediated
lysis
hard
HFM dz
glucocorticoid
myofibroblasts
contracture
vascularization
Pasturella
indole
strep, staph
amoxicillin, clavulonate
difficult Bohr H Histidine O2 Cl
RBC contain higher Cl in __ due to chloride shift
intranuclear/intracytoplasmic inclusions surrounded by halo indicates ___
Nocardia is __ and AFB
Actinomyces is __ and not AFB
eosinophilic foamy alveolar material w cyst/trophs in silver stain cup/saucer appearance is __
avoid gout drug __ in pt w UA renal stones as it inc urinary excretion
SGLT2 is low __ and high __
measure __ before admin
monitor thyroid fxn w / use
FEV1/FVC should be __ in pt w asthma due to airflow resistance
Bronchial hyperreactivity is conc of inhaled bronchoconstrictor that causes 20% decline in __
highly __ test to dx asthma
venous
CMV
aerobe
anaerobe
p jirovecii
Probenecid
affinity, capacity
renal fxn
amiodarone/lithium
low
FEV1
sensitive
__ is major component of microfibrils that forms sheath around elastin fibers
seen in BV, periosteum and __ ligament of lens
defect causes __ of CT w inc activity of TGFB
__ is inflam of all layers of heart
primary cause of __
crystalloid bodies are __ w eosinophilic membrane protein
Chronic eosin bronchitis due to infiltration by activated __ in response to IL5 from TH2 response
think __ in pt w paroxysmal SOB/wheezing w out aspirin/pulm infect/stress/exercise
sputum has lots of __
large __ are most susceptible to nitroglycerin
blood collects in __ to dec preload
large arteries have lots of __ in walls to regulate BP/withstand pressure
small / are primary site of hormonal reg of SBP
precap sphincters respond to /
fibrillin
suspensory
weakening
pancarditis
mortality
charcot leyden crystals
eosinophils
chronic eosin bronchitis
eosinophils
veins venous system smooth mscle arteries/arterioles NE/EPI
_ is motion when none is present or exagerrated
leads to / and occurs acutely
RA/RV pacemaker leads traverse __ vein/__
LV pacemaker is passed from RA to CS in atrioventricular __
then advanced into __ to optimize placement
LAD lies in anterior IV __
involved joints of RA feel /
HSV1 enters __ to spread via olfactory cortex/temporal lobe
can also occur w reactivation of latent virus in __ ganglion
E__ is common cause of viral meningitis in children
__ is protozoan parasite w rapid meningoencephalitis
acquired via __ through nasal inhalation
inflam in / lobes, brainstem, meninges
vertigo
Nausea, vomiting
left subclavian, SVC
GROOVE
tributary
warm/spongy
olfactory sinus
trigeminal
enterovirus
Naegleria fowleri
freshwater
frontal/temporal
attributable __ in exposed is important measure of impact of RF
this is excess risk due to _ alone
ARPexposed = 100* (RR-__)/RR
H pylori has __ to convert urea to ammonia to alkalinize gastric pH
this injures gastric __ chronic inflam
leads to depletion of __ cells that produce SS in antrum
in absence, __ is not inhib thus HCl is released
H pylori also releases toxin to inhibit duodenal prodxn of __
acid load is then deposited in __ ulcer formation
GASTRIC ulcer occurs w H pylori in __, as it reduces parietal cells
ulcer formation is then due to __ of bacterial products and inflammation
this form is assc w __
risk percentage
RF
1
urease epithelium Delta gastrin bicarb DUODENUM
BODY
secretion
malignancy
SLE inc risk of __ and accelerated atherosclerosis
see vasculitis w __ necrosis and LS endocarditis on both surfaces
these are __ thrombi that can easily dislodge
may see __ structures w DPGN and subendothelial immune complex deposition
inc estradiol in male inc testosterone binding to __ w dec free T/E ratio
AMS/feculent breath odor indicates poor __ fxn w accumulation of ammonia
gallstones/wall thickening/pericholecystic fluid on US indicate ___
APP can be processed via / secretases to form normal protein
or / pathway to form beta amyloid
accumulation leads to formation of __ that are toxic
MI
fibrinoid
sterile platelet
wire loop
SHBG
hepatic
acute cholecystitis
alpha/gamma
beta/gamma
beta amyloid plaques
another RF for C dif is __ use
disruption of intestinal flora leads to __ overgrowth
dx w _ of toxin A/B
__/_ plaques are pathognomonic
serosa/mesentery of Celiac disease appears __
acute __ has duct obstruction w formation of FA that bind Ca ions and form Ca salts
leads to focal __ w calcium precip and inflam rxn
at this point, acute _ panc has formed and appears edematous
see focal fat __ w Ca
if _ occurs, trypsin is activated to release other enzymes
results in __ w formation of acute necrotic panc
can have __ into necrotic areas w white chalky fat necrosis
spreads to __ of abdomen
PPI
bacterial
PCR
white/yellow
normal edema necrosis ischemia autodigestion hemorrhage mesentery
damage to __ leads to lateral medullary Wallenberg syndrome
see vertigo/nystagmus w __ nucleus
ipsi __ w ICP involvemnt
lost pain/temp on ipsi face and contra body due to / tracts
may have ipsi __ due to damage to SNS fibers of head
vertebral arteries enter __ in neck before entering skull at foramen magnum
look for cervicocephalic dissection w local / pain and neuro deficits as a result of hypoperfusion
/ are most commonly injured vessels in trauma
quadriplegia, horizontal gaze deviation, bulbar dysfxn due to __ artery occlusion at base of pons
think __ artery w profound neuro sx in trauma
contralateral hemianopsia due to damage to __ in MCA occlusion
PICA vestibular ataxia spinal trigeminal, spinothalamic horner
transverse foramina
head/neck
carotid/vertebral
basilar
CAROTID
optic radiations
HTN emergency is managed w N/N
Nitroglycerin inc peripheral vascular __
dec LVEDP dec wall _ and O2 demand
modest __ dilation that further dec O2 demand
nitroglycerin/ nitroprusside
capacitance
stress
arterial
