Monday Wk 6 Mixed 3 Flashcards
EPO stimulating agents used to tx __ w GFR <30
prevents need for __ but inc risk of thromboembolic events due to inc viscosity
may get __ due to activation of erythropoeitin receptors on vasc endothelial/smooth muscle cells
HUS damage to __ cells causes AKI
leads to __ anemia due thrombocytopenia
thus / low, and inc /
bleeding time is _ but other coag studies should be normal
Coombs test is only for __ cx
H__ is incomplete division of forebrain into 2 hemis
can be genetic due to chromo _ or SHH gene
or environmental like __ abuse
leads to __ w embryonic malformation wmultiple manifestations due to disrupted surrounding tissues/structures
such as H, C, C, P
anemia of CKD
transfusions
HTN
glomerular endothelial
hemolytic
Haptoglobin, hemoglobin
LDH, unconj bilirubin
AI
holoprosencephaly
13
alcohol
field defect
hypertelorism, cyclopia, cleft lip, proboscis
__ is multiple anomalies that occur more freq together than chance predicts
example of deformation is __ w abnormal femoral-acetabular jxn/stability
__ is abnormal organization of cell structre w in tissue
dz could be __
BIOPSY __ of rectum to demonstrate lack of ganglion cells in hirschprung dz
ganglionic cells never occur in __
__ aggregation test measures vWF dependent platelet aggregation
Ristocetin activates __ receptors for vWF binding
if vWF is dec, poor _ occurs
will correct w __
tx woman w __ for heavy menses
or __
association
DDH
Dysplasia
OI
SUBMUCOSA
mucosa
ristocetin Gp1B aggregation normal plasma OCP desmopressin
__ syndrome has thrombocytopenia, big platelets, mucocutaneous bleeding
addition of __ will not correct ristocetin test
Pt w __ def has tendency for thromboembolic comps
genetic __ is replacement of Purine/purine or Py/py
__ is swapping of pur-pyr
physician has ethical duty to advocate for __
thus, if parent is denying tx, involvement of / becomes necessary
Afib presents w absence of __ w irregularly irregular rhythm
precipitated by systemic __ or in SNS tone
think inc __ consumption, long standing HTN, HF, and hyperthyroid
QRS should be __
Glucagon stimulates G/G in _
insulin inhibs __ to prevent it from lowering insulin
Bernard soulier
normal plasma
Factor 12
transition
transversion
child
courts/cps
PR interval
infection
alcohol
narrow
liver
glucagon
__ inc release of glucose by liver
dec glucose uptake by __
Insulin may inc __ reabsorption to inc volume levels
SLE assc w __ and hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukpenia
transduction of mechanical vibration into nerve impulse occurs at __
process: sound reaches middle ear via __
vibration transmitted to __ window by ossicles
causes vibration of __ membrane which bends hair cells against tectorial membrane
leads to oscillating / of auditory nerve and creation of nerve impsulse
noise induced hearing loss due to trauma of __ hair cells in organ of corti
normally __ loud noise by contracting stapedius/TT
w distortion due to __ force against tectorial membrane, __ loss occurs
EPI
tissues
Na
hypocomplementemia
organ of corti TM oval basilar hyperpolarization/depolarization
stereociliated
dampen
shearing, hearing
unilateral high freq hearing loss localizes to__ w vestibular schwanomma
distal __ is necessary for low freq sound
defects of middle ear _ leads to hearing loss at all freq
rupture of TM causes unilateral __ hearing loss
__ nerve exits BS at midpons near MCP
trigeminal __ nuclei go from MB to upper cervical spine and receive facial sensation
motor nucleus located in __ to send efferents to muscles of mastication
infarct to __ pons leads to CS tract involvement w contralateral hemiparesis/Babinksi
or __ tract w LOW facial palsy and dysarthria
disruption of __ fibers may lead to contra dysmetria/dysdiadokinesia
this is __ as Fibers from pontine gray matter decussate and enter contralateral __
__ nucleus found on dorsolateral caudal pons
not involved if facial __ has occurred
__ nerve is only CN to decussate before innervating target
auditory nerve
cochlea
ossicles
conductive
trigeminal sensory midpons anterior corticobulbar corticopontine contralateral MCP
facial
sparing
trochlear
Rabies binds to __ receptor at NMJ
replicates in __ then spreads retrograde via PN axons to dorsal root ganglia
then ascends SC to D/H and brain stem
CMV binds to cellular __
Rhinovirus binds to __
highest risk of vertical CMV transmission occurs in __
pt has C, S, S, J/H, and microcephaly
inclusion conjunctivitis seen in __ infect of newborn
think __ w ecthyma gangrenosum
release of __ in arteries/veins of dermis/subq tissue leads to necrosis/ulceration
exotoxin A inhibits __
__ degrades elastin in BV
__ is infection of upper dermis/superficial lymphatics
usually due to __
good __ from normal tissue
nicotinic acetylcholine
muscle tissue
diencephalon, hippocampus
integrins
ICAM1/CD54
first trimester
chorioretinitis, seizures, sensorineural deafness, jaundice, HSM
chlamydia
Pseudomonas
toxins
protein synthesis
erysipelas
S aureus
demarcation
__ is validity
__ is reliability w multiple tests
viral envelope/surface protein attachment to complementary __ receptor is essential to tropism
EBV glycoprotein _ binds to CD21
Parvo attaches via __ in blood group seen on RBC, precursors, placenta, fetal liver/heart
_ cells of erythroid family are most susceptible
persistent gallbladder __ promotes hydrolysis of luminal lecithins to lysolecithins to degrade mucus layer
epithelium then exposed to __ w irritation and PG release
this inflam leads to __ w rising pressure resulting in ischemia
bacteria invade to cause __
precision
accuracy
host cell surface receptor
gp350
P antigen
immature
cystic duct obstrction
bile salts
hypomobility
infection
intimal tear w elastic fragmentation/separation of elastic/fibromuscular components seen in __
dilation of __ in syphilitic aortitis leads to mediastinal widening
voluntary oral phase of __ has food bolus in back of mouth and lifted upward toward posterior wall of pharynx
__ phase has invol pharyngeal muscle contractions to propel food to esophagus
__ phase stimulates peristalsis above site to move food downward
relaxation of __ allows food to enter stomach
abnormal / leads to cricopharyngeal dysfxn of ZD
see dysphagia w food __ and coughing/choking
inc intraluminal pressure leads to __ of mucosa and false diverticula formation in killian triangle
leads to food retention and /
as it inc, may have __ neck mass w dysphagia/luminal narrowing
aortic dissection
aortic valve ring
swallowing
pharyngeal
esophageal
LES
spasm/relaxation sticking herniation halitosis/regurg palpable
scarring/traction of midportion of esophagus is due to __
leads to __ diverticula
PTU can lead to ANCA assc __
another SE is severe __
avoid / during use as it can displace thyroid hormones from binding proteins
radioiodine ablation can worsen __
AE of succinylcholine is severe __ in pt w burn, crush injury, myopathy, denervation
_ from PNS stimulation or tachycardia from SNS
Succinylcholine binds __ on end plate
this continually __ the endplate w transient fasciculations
cannot be __ until repolarized, thus pt has flaccid paralysis in phase 1
w continued admin, continuous __ becomes repolarized and forms type 2 nondepolarizing blockade
mediastinal LAD
true
vasculitis
HEPATOTOXICITY
aspirin/ibuprofen
opthalmopathy
hyperkalemia bradycardia acetylcholine receptor depolarize reopened depolarization
ACh receptor is nonselective __ channel
thus opening releases __ w possibility for arrhythmias
worse w dz like Q/G and myopathies
use __ agents in these pts instead
Atracurium releases __ and can produce flushing, bronchoconstriction
potential for __ w laudanosine release as well
nephrotic syndrome w flank pain, hematuria, left varicocele think __
due to loss of __ forming hypercoagulable state
_ may be elevated due to infarct
think RVT w new onset __ and flank pain/hematuria as gonadal venous drainage is impaired
loss of __ and LMW complement inc risk of Pneumo infects in nephrotic syndrome
__ is due to inc lipoprotein synthesis w loss of lipid in urine
forms free/oval fat __ w maltese cross formation
cation
K
quadriplegia, GBS
nondepolarizing
histamine
seizure
renal vein thrombosis
AT3
LDH
left sided varicocele
immunoglobulins
lipiduria
bodies
if fixed proportion of drug is converted to metabolite, __ elimination is occurring
if fixed amount is eliminated, regardless of dose, __ kinetics is occurring
0 order metabolism has __ w negative slope on drug conc
1st order metabolism has __ curve
Classic galactosemia inheritance is __
enzyme deficiency conditions inherited __
noncatalytic enzyme def inherited __
prog bilateral optic neuropathy w blindness is L_
enterobius lives in C/A
migrates to __ to deposit eggs and can lead to autoinfection or spread to others
eggs/worms in perianal area leads to _ rxn w ab pain, NV/itching
dx w __ test w flat eggs
tx w A__, __ is second line
1st order
zero order
straight line
exponential decay
AR
AR
AD
leber optic neuropathy
cecum/appendix perianal area inflammatory scotch tape albendazole, pyrantel pamoate
use Diethylcarbamezine for __ and __
Ivermectin for __ and __
Nifurtimox for __
Schistosome, Clonorchis, Paragonimiasis get __
enlargement of __ leads to static urine obs
contraction of prostatic __ leads to dynamic obs
both inc hydrostatic pressure required to overcome __ to flow
leads to __ of urine to cause UTI
__ blocks mu opioid receptor to block rewarding/reinforcing effects of alcohol
also reduces __
used as long acting __ thus nonadherence is not a problem
__ inhibs acetaldehyde dehydro and causes awfull sx
only use in pt w __ for abstinence
Acamprosate inhibs __ once abstinence achieved
Loa Loa, Wicheria bancrofti
strongyloides/onchocerca
cruzi
praziquantel
prostate
smooth muscle
resistance
incomplete emptying
naltrexone
cravings
depot
disulfiram
motivation
NMDA receptor
__ degen occurs in axon that has lost connection w cell body
degen of axon/myelin __ to point of injury
see __/__ and axon destroyed by schwann cells/macros
similar path occurs in axon __ to injury up to closest NoR
change in neuronal body after axon severed is __
cell becomes __ and round, w nucleus pushed to periphery
nissl substance becomes __ and dispersed (chromatolysis)
occurs w/in _ days of injury
due to inc __ by cell to regenerate second axon
Red neuron is __ cell injury
__ atrophy has dec size/number of neurons
wallerian
distal
swelling/rounding
proximal
AXONAL RXN swollen granular 2 protein synthesis
irreversible
Anthracyclines bind _ to break DNA
binds __ to form free rads
use __ to prevent both in healthy cardiomyocytes
_ induces free rad formation
__ cross links DNA
SE include O/N/P
initial disruption of IE is damage to _ surface
usually w high __ at preexisting valve lesions of atria on AV valves or ventricular surface of semilunar valves
deposition of / forms sterile nidus
think __ w abnormal valves
__ can adhere to normal/abnormal valves
__ has elongated chordae tendinae w prolapse of mitral leaflets
vasectomy transects __
blocks transport/storage of __ from epididymis but not viable sperm
topo2
iron
dezroxane
bleomycin
cisplatin
ototox/nephrotox/PN
endothelial turbulence fibrin/platelets viridians strep staph aureus
MVP
Nephrogenic/Central DI has __ serum sodium due to water loss
tx CDI w __
tx NDI w __ to inc PT Na/Water reabsorption or indomethacin to dec __ thus inc ADH
think __ w low urine osmolality and hyponatremia
tx w __
due to dual blood supply, PE leads to __ infarct
should appear __ and peripheral, adjacent to pleura
PE are often __ and in lower lobes
LA _, stasis, and atrial / inc risk of thrombosis in A fib
__ is particularly susceptible to thrombosis
__ is thick atrial muscle separating smooth SV from RAA in RA
Friedrich ataxia is mutation in __ gene
dec mito __ prodxn w inc oxidative stress
involves __/__ w ataxia and spastic weakness
__ column w lost prop/vib
K/P w HCM and DM
HIGH Desmopressin Thiazide diuretc indomethacin PSYCHOGENIC POLYDIPSIA water deprivaton
hemorragic
wedge shaped
multiple
cristae terminalis
FXN energy LCS/spinocerebellar dorsal kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus
