Wed Wk 6 Mixed 2 Flashcards
Motor fluctuations in PD occurs after __ yrs of therapy
__ is the on period w excessive involuntary movements
__ degen in PD excites GPI via subthalamic nucleus
this pathway _ the thalamus resulting in rigidity/bradykinesia
thus, pt w medically intractable PD needs brain stimulation to inhibit /
this stops thalamo-cortical __ and improves movement
motor cortex stimulates __, which is stimulated by D1/inhib by D2 from SNPC
this is inhibitory to /
GPE inhibits __ which stimulates the GPI and thus thalamus
motor cortex directly stimulates the __
5 yrs dyskinesia nigrostriatal inhibits GPI/subthalamic nucleus inhibition
striatum
GPE/GPI
subthalamic nucleus
thalamus
Aldolase B degrades __
thus, def leads to impaired __
tx by limiting /
Telomerase is __ dependent DNA poly
TERT binds to __ to load TTAGGG to telomeres
high activity found in _ but not terminally diff cells
leads to /
extremely high levels of vitamin _ lead to cirrhosis
Acute has NV, V and _
Chronic has A, D, H, H and visual problems
can lead to __ w Intracranial HTN
also __ w microcephaly, cardiac probs, fetal death
high vitamin __ can ead to diarrhea/bloating
High vitamin __ inc risk for hemorrhagic stroke
F1P
gluconeogenesis
fructose/sucrose
RNA
TERC
stem cells
aging/cell death
A vertigo/visual probs alopecia, dry skin, HSM, hyperlipidenia Papilledema teratogen
C
E
Signet ring __ adenoca does not form glands
have diffuse involvement of stomach wall due to loss of __
plaquelike __ stomach (LP)
_ type adenoca resembles colon cancer
columnar/cuboidal cells w large __ in lumen
often __ and bleed
be concerned w metastasis to / LN
Chronic gastritis assc w __
acknowledge pt __ and discuss as they are read
bleeding from venipuncture sites indicates __
in gram neg sepsis, coag cascade activated by __
Spherocytes occur w __ hemolytic anemia, burns, old blood samples
target cells can occur w __
gastric
E cadherin (infiltrative)
leather bottle
intestinal MASS BULGING INTO ulcerate supraclavicular, periumbilical H pylori
trauma
DIC
bacteria endotoxins
autoimmne
asplenia
SE of dapsone include fever, rash, M
also induces __ stress thus check G6PD levels
Hereditary __ also caused by spectrin deficiency
lungs have __ to prevent blood from entering underventilated areas of lung
due to inc PA smooth muscle __ levels via modulated K channels
process is __ in systemic tissues, so hypoxic tissues receive more blood
hypoxia causes vasodilation in CBF when falls below __
brachioradialis/supinator muscles are innervated by __ nerve
think ___ artery injury when radial nerve damaged at MDSHAFT on posterior arm
methemoglobinemia
oxidative
elliptocytosis
hypoxic VC
Cytosolic Ca
reversed
50 mmHg
RADIAL
deep brachial
chronic alcoholic pt w malabsorption has __ insuffiency
H/N/B of pancreas are __
head contacts __ at L2 and extends behind SMV
neck is anterior to _ vein and SMV
tail w/in __ ligament
HFE protein interacts w __ to sense iron stores
if LoF mutation happens, body detects falsely __ iron levels
thus, __ respond by inc DMT1 to aid in iron absorption
Hepatocytes dec __ which inc ferroportin to inc iron entering circulation
__ is unilateral RAS in young female pt
malignant HTN leads to renal __ thus high levels of renin
panc EXOCRINE
retroperitoneal
2nd part of duodenum
portal
splenorenal
transferrin
LOW
enterocytes
hepcidin
FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA
ischemia
Cephalosporins/penicillins bind to __ like transpeptidase IRREVERSIBLY
Alcohol/aldehyde __ converts NAD+ to NADH
thus, no NAD+ is available for _
cannot form __ from lactate, thus MA develops
cannot convert _ to oxaloacetate
ALCOHOL HAS NO EFFECT ON __
ankylosing spondylitis may involve __ spine w CV/CS jxn
limits chest wall _ w hypovent
can lead to ascending _ w insufficiency
TMJ disorder has __ pain worse w movement, HA and __ discomfort
penicillin binding proteins
dehydrogenase gluconeogenesis pyruvate malate GLYCOGENOLYSIS
thoracic
expansion
aortitis
jaw, ear
use __ stimulation to assess paralysis from NMJ blocking agents
w nondepolarizing blockage, __ inhibition of postsynaptic Ach receptors dec twitch
this twitch progressively __ as less Ach released due to competitive blockade
Depolarizing blockers prevent __ w an equal reduction in all 4 twitches in phase 1
persistent exposure to _ leads to phase 2, as Ach receptors are desensitized/inactive (similar to nondepolarizing)
Succinylchline admin for __ sequence intubation due to rapid onset
duration depends on __
if mutated and slower, paralysis lasts for __ and must be maintained on mech ventilation
use __ to reverse nondepolarizing NMJ block
MS lesions are disseminated in /
AI response against __ myelin producing cells of CNS
Train of Four competitive decreases repolarization succinylcholine rapid plasma cholinesterase level hours
NEOSTIGMINE
Morphine can contract smooth muscle in __ w spasm and inc bile duct pressure
all mu opioids cause __ of blood vessels/itching due to histamine release
avoid in __ pt
cholinergic ags stimulate vasodilation via __ NO synth
cells damaged by U, H, H, T, R use intrinsic apoptotic pathway
changes in mitochondrial _ release CC/proapoptotic proteins into cytoplasm to activate caspases
caspases contain __ to destroy aspartic acid residues
Brain/Liver __ appear as mulberry like purple vascular clusters
little support leads to recurrent __
can lead to __ deficits and seizures in brain, thus need removal
sphincter of Oddi
vasodilation
hypotensive
ENDOTHELIAL
UV, heat, toxins, radiation, hypoxia
permeability
cysteine
cavernous hemangiomas
hemorrhage
neurologic
__ is brain tumor w PERIVASCULAR PSEUDOROSETTES
JLN syndrome has mutation in / genes for voltage gates K channels
__ is AD condition w mutation in cardiac Na/Ltype Ca channels
see pseudo__, ST elevation in V1-V3
inc risk of ventricular __ and Sudden cardiac death
sarcoid has __ CD4/CD8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
low CD4/CD8 ratio seen w _
PMN would be high in /
proinsulin is packaged w __ into secretory granules
there, it is converted to /
__ does not have first pass metabolism like insulin
GLP1 agonists inc glucose dependent __ sec, dec glucagon, and inc GE
SE is __
ependymoma
KNCQ1, KNCE1
Brugada syndrome
RBBB
arrhythmias
high
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
IPF/PNA
proteolytic enzymes
insulin/C peptide
c peptide
insulin
pancreatitis
__ degeneration occurs in axon distal to site of injury
schwann cells degrade __ and secrete cytokines to attract macros
myelin debris is __ and SC stimulate the formation of nerve regeneration
in CNS, macros/microglia come slowly due to __
oligodendrocytes undergo __
myelin removal is __ thus suppressing axonal growth
astrocytes proliferate to form __ as barrier to axon regen
C/V edema occurs after __ neuronal injury
Cytotoxic due to impaired __ on neurons
Vasogenic due to inc _ from proinflammatory cytokines
edematous wound w central necrosis/black eschar is always __
never transmitted __
wallerian myelin removed BBB apoptosis slowed glial scar
ischemic
Na/K ATPase
vascular permeability
B anthracis
Person to person
pulm embolism inc inflammation w surfactant deficiency and __ in surrounding lung
Deoxy blood then goes to poor ventilated lung regions, w formation of __ pulm shunt leading to hypoxia
splenic capillaries permit blood to flow into __
this acts as __ w macros to ingest matter
this destroys aged/abnormal __ and release RBC/platelets to compensate
clears circulating __
majority of body Ig produced by __ B cells
need splenic __ antibody to clear encapsulated species
__ ulcers do not have malignancy risk and thus do not need biopsy
carcinoma in distal colon may have bowel constriction w __ central region
atalectasis
RtL
red pulp cords sieve RBC bacteria splenic opsonizing
duodenal
ulcerated
health promotion is ex of _
provides __ on healthy habits
case finding is __ when pt is screened before sx are found
community __ for HTN is community level 2ndary prevention
Tertiary prevention treats __ before sx progress
Health risk assessments calculate __
if higher than actual age, pt has higher risk of __
stress related __ disease is gastric defect in response to severe physiologic stress
multiple, small lesions that can be / and bleed/perf
occur due to local __ via hypoTN/vasonconstriction
ulcer in proximal duodenum w trauma/burn is __ ulcer
ulcer in esophagus/stomach/duodenum w CNS injury are __
due to direct __ stimulation w release of Ach/gastric acid
high likelihood of __
primary prevention information secondary prevention screening disease
RISK AGE
dying
gastric mucosal
erosions/ulcers
ischemia
Curling
Cushing
vagus nerve
perforation
chronic gastritis w antral sparing indicates __ dz
CD4 t cells destroy _ w resulting achlorhydria/PA
Granulomatous gastritis can narrow __ due to transmural inflammation
leads to gastric __
autoimmune gastritis
parietal cells
antrum
outlet obstruction
