Ruminant and Camelid

Question 1

What are 2 techniques can be used for simple diagnostics and some surgical procedures?

Answer 1

• Restrain ruminants

- Local anesthesia

Question 2

More complex procedures will require what?

Answer 2

General anesthesia

Question 3

The same equipment and some of the drugs are used as in what other species?

Answer 3

Equine

Question 4

What are 7 examples of standing procedures?

Answer 4

• Castration
• Displaced abomasum
• C-section
• Wound repair
• Teat surgery
• Enucleation
• Dehorning

Question 5

What can be limited if the patient is uncooperative?

Answer 5

Physical exam

Question 6

What minimum blood work should be done?

What should be included with a neonate?

Answer 6

• PCV/TS

- Glucose

Question 7

What may be needed before placing IV catheter?

Answer 7

Sedation

Question 8

What should be gathered ahead of time?

Answer 8

Any special equipment, personnel.

Question 9

What might be needed for ruminants to help prevent myopathy or neuropathy?

Answer 9

Padding

Question 10

How much saliva does an average adult produce per day?

Answer 10

50 L/day

Question 11

What are 4 possible complications seen with ruminants?

Answer 11

• Hypersalivation
• Bloat
• Hypoventilation
• Regurgitation: aspiration pneumonia

Question 12

What can lead to decreased venous return and hypoventilation?

Answer 12

Bloat

Question 13

What type of recumbency will worsen the ability to ventilate?

Answer 13

Dorsal recumbency

Question 14

Do you inflate the cuff before or after induction?

Answer 14

After induction

Question 15

The head should be positioned to promote what?

Answer 15

Drainage during anesthesia

Question 16

How should the head be positioned during sedation and recovery?

Answer 16

Head elevated with nose pointed down.

Question 17

What are 2 things that should always be taken into account?

Answer 17

• Safety of animal

- Personnel working around nearby

Question 18

You should have enough what available to situate patient on surgery table?

Answer 18

Experienced personnel

Question 19

What is the recommended fasting time in adult large ruminants?
Water?

Answer 19

• 12-18 hours

- 8-12 hours

Question 20

What is the recommended fasting time for sheep and goats?

water?

Answer 20

• 12-18 hours

- 4 hours

Question 21

What is the recommended fasting time for calves, lambs and kids?

Answer 21

Generally not required if 1 month.

Question 22

The GI tract of ruminants functions as a simple stomach under what age?

Answer 22

Less than 3 months of age.

Question 23

What helps reserve functional residual capacity since ruminants have a decreased tidal volume compared to horses?

Answer 23

Fasting

Question 24

What can fasting produce in cattle?

Answer 24

Bradycardia

Question 25

What can be caused by fasting?

Answer 25

Mild metabolic alkalosis

Question 26

Even with precautions, what percentage of adult cattle may still regurgitate under anesthesia?

Answer 26

25%

Question 27

Where is the IV catheter usually place?

Answer 27

Jugular vein accessed most easily during surgery.

Question 28

Do ruminants have thin skin or tough skin?

Answer 28

Tough skin

Question 29

What gauge catheter is used in adult cattle? | In sheep, goats, calves?

Answer 29

- 12-14 gauge | - 16-18 gauge

Question 30

Do you always need to give a premedication to ruminants?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Remember to keep the head and neck elevated and patient sternal recumbency after what is given?

Answer 31

Premedication

Question 32

Is Acepromazine approved for use in food animals? by the FDA?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Why might acepromazine be avoided?

Answer 33

Prolonged effects & elimination time

Question 34

Acepromazine might increase the risk of what?

Answer 34

Regurgitation

Question 35

What dose range of acepromazine can be used?

Answer 35

0.03-0.05 mg/kg IV (can use up to 0.1 mg/kg IM)

Question 36

What vein should acepromazine not be injected into? | Why?

Answer 36

- Coccygeal vein | - May hit artery and slough off tail

Question 37

Acepromazine is contraindicated in what 2 types of patients?

Answer 37

- Hypovolemic | - Debilitated patients

Question 38

Is xylazine approved for use in food animals by the FDA?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

Is xylazine more potent in ruminants or horses?

Answer 39

Ruminants

Question 40

Which species of ruminant is most sensitive to xylazine?

Answer 40

Goats

Question 41

What are 2 breeds of cattle that are more sensitive to xylzine compared to other breeds?

Answer 41

- Herefords | - Brahmans

Question 42

What can cause a prolonged response to xylazine in cattle?

Answer 42

Stressful environment

Question 43

Which drug can cause bradycardia, rumen atony and bloat, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, hypoxemia, hypercarbia and increased urine production?

Answer 43

Xylazine

Question 44

Which species is at risk for developing pulmonary hemorrhage and edema with xylazine?

Answer 44

Sheep

Question 45

What category of drugs is not recommended for use in sheep due to the risk of hypoxemia?

Answer 45

Alpha 2 agonists

Question 46

What drug can cause premature delivery during late pregnancy due to its oxytocin-like effect on the uterus of pregnant cattle and sheep? Which drug does not seem to have this effect?

Answer 46

- Xylazine | - Detomidine

Question 47

What dose range of xylazine provides sedation without recumbency in ruminants?

Answer 47

0.015-0.025 mg/kg IV or IM

Question 48

What dose of xylazine is used to induce recumbency in goats? | In cattle?

Answer 48

- Goats: 0.05 mg/kg IV or 0.1 mg/kg IM | - Cattle: 0.1 mg/kg IV or 0.2 mg/kg IM

Question 49

What are 4 factors that need to be considered when approaching a case?

Answer 49

- Production vs. pet - Cost - Field anesthesia vs in-hospital anesthesia - Standing surgery vs general anesthesia

Question 50

What are 4 reversals for Alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 50

- Atipamezole - Yohimbine - Tolazoline - Doxapram (somewhat effective)

Question 51

What category of drug is not typically used in ruminants? | Why?

Answer 51

- Anticholinergics | - Salivary secretions become more viscous, decreases GI motility which can lead to bloat.

Question 52

Which drug category has no analgesic effects and minimal sedation in ruminants?

Answer 52

Benzodiazepines

Question 53

What are benzodiazepines typically combined with for induction?

Answer 53

Ketamine

Question 54

What are 2 examples of benzodiazepines used in ruminants?

Answer 54

- Midazolam | - Diazepam

Question 55

What are 2 things opioids might cause in ruminants?

Answer 55

- Excitement | - Vocalization

Question 56

What are 2 opioids not typically used in cattle?

Answer 56

- Morphine | - Buprenorphine

Question 57

What are 2 opioids that can be used in ruminants?

Answer 57

- Hydromorphone | - Butorphanol

Question 58

What are 3 examples of induction drugs that can be used in ruminants?

Answer 58

- Telazol - Ketamine - Propofol

Question 59

What is another category of drug ketamine can be combined with?

Answer 59

Benzodiazepine

Question 60

What is ketamine combined with to make "double dip"? | What percentage is used?

Answer 60

- GG | - 5%: hemolysis can occur with solutions >7%

Question 61

Which induction drug has smooth induction and recovery with ruminants?

Answer 61

Propofol

Question 62

Apnea may occur with rapid administration of which induction drug?

Answer 62

Propofol

Question 63

Propofol can be used as what for a light plane of anesthesia?

Answer 63

CRI

Question 64

What can propofol be combined with in small ruminants?

Answer 64

Ketamine