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AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

T1 - T12

L1 - L5

A

Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar

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2
Q

CN 3,7,9,10

S2-S4

A

Parasympathetic

Craniosacral

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3
Q

SYMPATHETIC (SANS)

Preganglionic fibers originate from

A

Thoracic (T1 -T12) segments of the cord

Lumbar (L1 -L5) segments of the cord

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4
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC (PANS)

Preganglionic motor fibers originate from

A 
Cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, IX and X
Sacral segments (S2-S4)
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5
Q

Preganglionic fibers are short and the

postganglionic fibers are long

A

SYMPATHETIC

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6
Q

Few (prevertebral) on the anterior aspect of the

aorta

A

SYMPATHETIC

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7
Q

Most of the ganglia are located in 2 paravertebral

chains that lie along the spinal cord

A

SYMPATHETIC

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8
Q

Most of the ganglia are located in the organs

innervated, most distant from the spinal cord

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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9
Q

Preganglionic fibers are long and the

postganglionic fibers are short

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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10
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTAs)

4 FEATURES

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Release
  4. Termination of action
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11
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

TERMINATION OF ACTION

A

By metabolism
-Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-Cathecol-o-methly transferase (COMT)
Diffuse away from the synaptic cleft and get metabolized elsewhere

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12
Q

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine as
the primary transmitter
Also a synapse in which acetylcholine is the
primary transmitter

A

CHOLINERGIC

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13
Q

A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as
the primary transmitter
Also a synapse in which norepinephrine is the
primary transmitter

A

ADRENERGIC

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14
Q

All preganglionic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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15
Q

All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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16
Q

A few postganglionic sympathetic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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17
Q

Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers are

A

adrenergic

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18
Q

Exception: Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

are

A

cholinergic

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex and medulla
Ductless gland that functions as a ganglion
Postganglionic fibers are cholinergic

A

ADRENAL GLAND

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20
Q

Inhibits transport/synthesis of ACh into the cell

A

HEMICHOLINIUM

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21
Q

Inhibits storage of ACh into the vesicle

A

VESAMICOL

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22
Q

Inhibits the release of ACh

A

BOTULINUM TOXIN

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23
Q 
These drugs (Hemicholinium, vesamicol, botulinum toxin) are not very useful for systemic therapy
because their
A

effects are not sufficiently selective

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24
Q

Inhibits the synthesis of NE

A

METYROSINE

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25
Inhibits the storage of NE
RESERPINE
26
These drugs (METYROSINE, RESERPINE, GUANETHEDINE, MAO I) have been used in several diseases because
they block sympathetic but not parasympathetic functions
27
Inhibits release of NE
GUANETHEDINE
28
Inhibits metabolism of NE
MAO I
29
Other transmitter molecules in addition to the primary agents (ACh or NE) Contained in many autonomic nerves Localized in the same vesicle as the primary transmitter or in a separate population of vesicles Involved in the modulation of synaptic transmission
COTRANSMITTERS
30
``` ATP Enkephalins VIP Neuropeptide Y Substance P Somatostatin Neurotensin ```
COTRANSMITTERS
31
RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS Also referred as cholinergic receptors Respond to ACh and its analogs
A. CHOLINOCEPTORS
32
A. CHOLINOCEPTORS | Subdivided into
1. MUSCARINIC receptors | 2. NICOTINIC receptors
33
A. CHOLINOCEPTORS Respond to muscarine (an alkaloid) Respond to ACh Mimics the effects of parasympathetic G-protein coupled
1. MUSCARINIC receptors
34
``` Located primarily on autonomic effector cells Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscles Presynaptic nerve terminals Exocrine glands ```
1. MUSCARINIC receptors
35
3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors are important in peripheral autonomic transmission
M1-nerve endings M2-heart, some nerve endings M3-effector cells, smooth muscle, exocrine glands, endothelium
36
A. CHOLINOCEPTORS | 2. NICOTINIC receptors
Respond to ACh Respond to nicotine (another ACh mimic) Do not respond to muscarine Ligand-gated
37
A. CHOLINOCEPTORS 2. NICOTINIC receptors 2 major subtypes:
Nn-neuronal (ANS ganglia) | Nm-neuromuscular endplate (skeletal muscle)
38
TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS Nerve endings G-coupled Increase IP3
M1
39
``` TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS Heart, some nerve endings G-coupled Decrease cAMP, activates K+ channel ```
M2
40
``` TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS Effector cells, smooth muscle, glands, endothelium G-coupled Increase IP3 ```
M3
41
``` TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS ANS ganglia Ion channel Depolarizes, evokes action potential ```
Nn
42
``` TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS Neuromuscular end plates Ion channel Depolarizes, evokes action potential ```
Nm
43
RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS Also referred as adrenergic receptors Respond to NE G-protein coupled
B. ADRENOCEPTORS
44
B. ADRENOCEPTORS | Subdivided into
1. ALPHA receptors | 2. BETA receptors
45
ALPHA receptors | Located in
``` Blood vessels Presynaptic nerve terminals Blood platelets Fat cells (lipocytes) Neurons in the brain ```
46
ALPHA receptors 2 subtypes effector tissues, smooth muscles, glands
ALPHA1-
47
ALPHA receptors 2 subtypes nerve endings, some smooth muscles
ALPHA2-
48
ADRENOCEPTORS 2. BETA receptors Located on
``` Most types of smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Some presynaptic nerve terminal Lipocytes Brain ```
49
BETA receptors | 3 major subtypes
BETA1-heart and kidney BETA2-lungs, uterus, liver, heart BETA3-fat or adipose tissue
50
``` Type of Adrenoceptor Effector tissues, smooth muscle,glands G- Increase IP3 Increase Ca2+ ,causes contraction, secretion ```
Alpha1
51
``` Type of Adrenoceptor Nerve endings, some smooth muscle G- Decrease cAMP Decrease transmitter release, causes contraction ```
Alpha2
52
``` Type of Adrenoceptor Cardiac muscle, kidney G- Increase cAMP Increase heart rate, force, increase renin release ```
Beta1
53
``` Type of Adrenoceptor Lungs, uterus, heart G- Increase cAMP Relax smooth muscle, increase glycogenolysis, increase HR, force ```
Beta2
54
``` Type of Adrenoceptor Adipose cells G- Increase cAMP Increase lipolysis ```
Beta 3
55
Predominant state in any situation
CENTRAL INTEGRATION
56
CENTRAL INTEGRATION Ergotrophic (energy expenditure) ”Fight or flight” response
SYMPATHETIC
57
CENTRAL INTEGRATION Tropotrophic (energy saving) Leading to growth ”Rest and digest
PARASYMPATHETIC
58
Principle of negative feedback control Alpha receptors located on noradrenergic terminals which are activated by NE and other similar molecules Activation diminishes further the release of NE from these nerve endings
PRESYNAPTIC REGULATION
59
PRESYNAPTIC REGULATION Presynaptic receptors that respond to transmitter substances released by the nerve endings and thereby regulate its release
AUTORECEPTORS
60
``` Up- and down-regulation are known to occur in response to decreased or increased activation of the receptors Up regulation (agonist) Down regulation (antagonist) ```
POSTSYNAPTIC REGULATION
61
Transmission involves different mechanisms in different segments of the ANS Some drugs produce highly specific effects Others drugs are much less selective in their actions
PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF | AUTONOMIC FUNCTION
62
PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION Drug that block action potential Very nonselective Act on the process that is common to all neurons
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
63
PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION Drugs that act on the biochemical processes involved in transmitter synthesis and storage are more ----
selective
64
Promote the release of NE | Effect is sympathetic
TYRAMINE AND AMPHETAMINE
65
Blocks uptake of ACh | Slows synthesis of ACh
HEMICHOLINIUM
66
Prevents storage of ACh
VESAMICOL
67
Prevents release ACh
BOTULINUM TOXIN
68
``` Binds alpha receptors Causes activation (agonist) ```
NOREPHINEPHRINE
69
``` Binds alpha receptors Prevents activation (antagonist) ```
PHENTOLAMINE
70
Binds beta receptors | Activates adenyl cyclase (agonist)
ISOPROTERENOL
71
``` Binds to beta receptors Prevents activation (antagonist) ```
PROPRANOLOL
72
Causes skeletal muscle contraction | agonist
NICOTINE
73
Prevents skeletal muscle contraction | antagonist
TUBOCURARINE
74
Binds muscarinic receptors | Activates (agonist)
BETANECHOL
75
Binds muscarinic recepto | Prevents activation
ATROPINE
76
Inhibits enzyme acetylcholinesterase | Prolongs and intensifies transmitter action
NEOSTIGMINE
77
Inhibits MAO | Increases stored transmitter pool
TRANYLCYPROMINE

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