PHARMACOLOGY CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– noxious plant and animal preparations were used as medicines to rid of evil spirits
A
Earliest/First Phase
2
Q
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– rational or scientific phase
A
Third Phase
3
Q
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– experience enabled people to use appropriate medicine
A
Second Phase
4
Q
- concerned with the processes that determine the concentration of drugs in body fluids and tissues over time
- what the body does to the drug
A
- PHARMACOKINETICS
5
Q
- study of the actions of drugs on target organs
- what the drug does to the body
A
- PHARMACODYNAMICS
6
Q
– relationship between the concentration of a drug in a tissue and the magnitude of the tissue’s response to that of a drug
A
Dose-response relationship
7
Q
a process wherein drugs produce their effects by binding to protein receptors in target tissues
A
Signal Transduction –
8
Q
- study of poisons and organ toxicity
- focuses on the harmful effects of drugs
A
TOXICOLOGY –
9
Q
– medical science concerned with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease
A
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
10
Q
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS is also known as
A
Medical Pharmacology
11
Q
science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper use of drug products
A
PHARMACY –
12
Q
study of drugs isolated from natural resources
A
PHARMACOGNOSY –
13
Q
– branch of organic chemistry that specializes in the design and chemical synthesis of drugs
A
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
14
Q
formulation and chemical properties of pharmaceutical products
A
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY or PHARMACEUTICS –
15
Q
a natural product, a chemical substance or pharmaceutical preparation intended for administration to a human or animal to diagnose or treat a disease
A
drug
16
Q
drug is from the french word
A
drogue
17
Q
drogue mean
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dried herbs for cooking
18
Q
other terms for drug
A
medication and medicament
19
Q
a drug produced outside the body, either synthetic or natural
A
Xenobiotic –
20
Q
relationship among the drug molecule, its target receptor and resulting pharmacologic activity
A
Structure-activity relationship –
21
Q
made by drying or pulverizing a plant or animal tissue, extracting substances from a natural product
-difficult to quantify pharmacologic effects of crude drug preparations because: a) they contain multiple ingredients b) amounts vary
A
crude drug preparation
22
Q
ex of crude drug preparation
A
coffee, tea, opium
23
Q
drug preparation
isolation of pure drug compounds from natural sources
A
Pure drug compounds
24
Q
type of drug preparation
– drug products suitable for administration of a specific dose of a drug by a particular route of administration
-most are from pure drug compounds, some from crude drug preparations (herbal remedies)
A
Pharmaceutical preparations or dosage forms
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most common preparations for oral administration because:
tablets & capsules
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– a hard pill (from a punch and die mechanism)
| -must disintegrate after it has been ingested, then must dissolve in gastrointestinal fluids
Tablets
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Inert Ingredients (4)
* Fillers – provide bulk
* Lubricants – prevent sticking to the punch and die during manufactire
* Adhesives – maintain tablet stability in the bottle
* Disintegrants – facilitate solubilization of the tablet when it reaches gastrointestinal fluids
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– consist of polymers that will not disintegrate in gastric acid but will break down in more basic ph of the intestines
- used to protect drugs that would otherwise be destroyed by gastric acid a
- used to slow the release and absorption of a drug when a large dose is given at once
Enteric coatings
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– release the drug from the preparation over many hours.
*Sustained release products/ extended-release products
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Methods used to extend the release of a drug (3)
1. Controlled diffusion – release of a drug is regulated by a rate-controlling membrane
2. Controlled dissolution – done by inert polymers that gradually break doen In bady fluids
3. Osmotic pressure– an osmotic agent attracts gastrointestinal fluid at a constant rate
- attracted fluid forces drug out of tablet through a small orifice
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or soft gelatin shells enclosing a powdered or liquid medication
-gelatin shell quickly dissolves in GI fluids
capsule
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b. – most common liquid pharmaceutical preparations
- can be formulated for oral, parenteral or other ROA
- convenient for those who cannot easily swallow pills or tablets
- inconvenient because liquid must be measured each time a dose is given
- often sweetened and flavored to increase palatability
Solutions and Suspensions
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sweetened aqueous solutions
syrups:
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sweetened aqueous-alcoholic solutions
-elixirs:
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- drug preparations in which the drug is slowly released from the patch for absorption through the skin into the circulation
- most use a rate-controlling membrane
Skin patches
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(regulates diffusion of drug from the patch, suitable for potent drugs)
rate controlling membrane
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- administered by inhalation through nose or mouth
- useful for treating respiratory disorders because they deliver directly to the site of action, minimizing risk of systemic sude effects
Aerosols
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– a type of aerosol preparation
- can be used to deliver drugs that have a localized effect on nasal mucosa
- can be used to deliver drugs absorbed through the mucosa and exert effect on another organ
- ex. Butorphanol
Nasal sprays
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– semisolid preparations intended for topical application of a drug to skin or mucous membranes
-contain an active drug incorporated into a vehicle, which enables drug to adhere to tissue for a sufficient length of time to exert its effect
Ointments and creams
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– liquid preparations often formulated as oil-in-water emulsions
-used to treat dermatologic conditions
Lotions
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products in which drug is incorporated into a solid base that melts or dissolves at body temperature
- used for rectal, vaginal, urethral administration
- may provide localized or systemic drug therapy
Suppositories –
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– drug is absorbed from GI tract
ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
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type of enteral
- enable rapid absorption of certain drugs
- not affected by first-pass metabolism in the liver
- drugs are given in relatively low does
- drugs must have good solubility in water and lipid membranes
Sublingual (drug placed under the tongue) &Buccal (drug placed between cheek and gum)
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type of enteral
– to administer by mouth
- medication is swallowed, absorbed from stomach and small intestine
- convenient, relatively safe, most economical
• Oral – per os (PO)
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type of enteral
– can have localized or systemic effect
- useful when patients cannot take medications by mouth (those who experience nausea and vomiting)
- little first-pass metabolism in liver (when absorbed from lower rectum)
rectal
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type of administration
| -with needle and syringe or with intravenous fusion pump
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
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bypasses process of drug absorption
| -provides greatest reliability and control over the dose of the drug reaching systemic circulation
intravenous
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100% bioavailability
IV
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type of administration for drugs w/ short half=lives
IV
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Type of ROA for drugs whose dose must be carefully titrated to the physiologic response
IV
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widely used to administer antibiotics and antineoplastic to critically ill patients
- for medical emergencies
- most dangerous (rapid administration can cause serious toxicity)
iv
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type of parenteral administration
| suitable for treatment with drug solutions and particle suspensions
Intramuscular & subcutaneous
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injection of a drug through the thecal covering of spinal cord and into subarachnoid space
• Intrathecal–
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– targets analgesics into space above dural membranes of spinal cord
-common in labor and delivery
epidural
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type of parenteral
| treatment of arthritis
Intraarticular
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type of parenteral
| sinus medication
Insufflation/ intranasal
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type of parenteral
| allergy test
Intradermal –
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– application of drugs to skin for absorption into circulation
- application may be via a skin patch or an ointment
- by-passes first-pass metabolism
- reliable ROA for drugs effective when given at relatively low dosage and highly soluble in lipid membranes
TRANSDERMAL ADMINISTRATION
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application of drugs to the body surface to produce a localized effect
–used to treat disease and trauma of skin, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, rectum, vagina
TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION–
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– specifies chemical structure and nature of drug
CHEMICAL NAME
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– most suitable for use by health care professionals
NONPROPRIETARY NAME or GENERIC NAME
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– registered trademark belonging to a particular drug manufacturer
-used to designate a drug product marketed by that manufacturer
PROPRIETARY, TRADE, BRAND NAME
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study of drugs and their effects on life processes
pharmacaology
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meaning of pharmakon
magic charm for treating disease
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described more than 600 medicinal plants
Dioscorides
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described principles of Ayurvedic medicine
Susruta
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started first medical school in pharmacology
Rudolf Buchheim
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father of american pharmacology
John Jacob Abel
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established first pharmacology department in Univ of Michigan
John Jacob Abel
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goal of pharmacology
understand the mechanisms by which drug interact
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study of interactions of chemicals with living systems
pharmacology`
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molecular components of the body with which a drug interacts to bring about effects
receptors
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study of drugs used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a disease
medical pharmacology
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type of admin
| Convenient, relatively safe, and economical.
oral
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type of admin
Cannot be used for drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid, for drugs with a large first-pass effect, or for drugs that irritate the gut.
oral
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type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and oily vehicles. Absorption is
rapid from solutions and is slow and sustained from
suspensions.
intramuscular
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type of admin
May be painful. Can cause bleeding if the patient is receiving an
anticoagulant.
intramuscular
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type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and pellets. Absorption is
similar to that in the intramuscular route but is
usually somewhat slower.
subcutaneous
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type of admin
| Cannot be used for drugs that irritate cutaneous tissues or fordrugs that must be given in large volumes.
subcutaneous
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type of admin
Bypasses absorption to give an immediate effect.
Allows for rapid titration of drug. Achieves 100%
bioavailability.
intravenous
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type of admin
Poses more risks for toxicity and tends to be more expensive than
other routes.
IV
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type of admin
results in rapid absorption because of the large SA and rich blood supply in the alveoli
-useful for drugs that act on the airways
inhalational
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type of admin
| useful for drugs with high-first pass metabolism
sublingual
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type of admin
| useful for drugs that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier
intrathecal
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area of pharmacology dealing with how drugs move throughout the body
pharmacokinetics
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4 Components of Drug Transport:
i) Absorption
ii) Distribution
iii) Biotransformation or Metabolism
iv) Excretion
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area of pharmacology concerned with how drugs produce responses within the body
pharmacodynamics
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inactive drug
prodrug
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derived from parent drug and has the same effect as that of the parent
Inactive metabolite
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difference of transdermal and topical administration in terms of effect
transdermal - systemic
| topical - localized
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drug name
| used the representative component of the drug as its name
non-proprietary
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common name of morphine
angel dust
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drugs can exist in how many states of matter
3
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type of drug preparation that needs reconstitution
suspension
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type of drug preparation intended for children
syrup
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type of drug prep for a dry and scaly lesion/skin
ointment
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type of drug prep for an oily lesion/skin
cream
