pharmaco - chapter 6

Question 1

type of cholinomimetic drug

• Inhibiting the hydrolysis of endogenous Ach

Answer 1

Indirect-acting

Question 2

type of cholinomimetic drug

• Binding/activate cholinoceptors

Answer 2

Direct-acting

Question 3

4 impt choline esters

Answer 3

acetycholine
carbachol
betanechol
methacholine

Question 4

type of direct-acting drug

- Permanently charged quaternary NH4 group

Answer 4

choline ester

Question 5

type of direct-acting drug

• Relatively insoluble in lipids
• Poorly absorbed

Answer 5

choline ester

Question 6

type of direct-acting drug

-Hydrolyzed in the GIT

Answer 6

choline ester

Question 7

type of direct-acting

Hydrophilic

Answer 7

choline ester

Question 8

type of direct-acting drug

Poorly distributed in the CNS

Answer 8

choline ester

Question 9

type of choline ester

• Addition of methyl CH3
• 3x more resistant to hydrolysis compared to Ach

Answer 9

METHACHOLINE

Question 10

TYPE OF DIRECT-ACTING DRUG
- Act mostly with muscarinic receptors
(muscarine, pilocarpine)
- Act with nicotinic receptors(nicotine, lobeline)

Answer 10

ALKALOIDS

Question 11

4 impt alkaloids

Answer 11

nicotine
pilocarpine
lobeline
muscarine

Question 12

type of alkaloid
- Liquid
- Sufficiently lipid-soluble to be absorbed across
the skin

Answer 12

NICOTINE

Question 13

type of alkaloid

• Quaternary amine
• Less completely absorbed from the GIT
• Toxic when ingested
• Eg, in certain mushrooms, it even enters the brain

Answer 13

muscarine

Question 14

type of alkaloid

• Plant derivative
• Similar to nicotine

Answer 14

LOBELINE

Question 15

type of Ach

– methyl group at α carbon was changed to amino group

Answer 15

c. Carbachol

Question 16

type of Ach

– addition of methyl group at β carbon, replacement of methyl group with amino group at α carbon

Answer 16

Betanechol

Question 17

type of Ach

addition of methyl group at the β carbon

Answer 17

methacholine

Question 18

type of NH4 group

• no more electrons to share, cannot attach
• becomes insoluble in lipids

Answer 18

quaternary

Question 19

type of NH4 group

-cannot be given orally because it has a short duration of action (easily hydrolyzed because water- loving)

Answer 19

quaternary

Question 20

type of NH4 group

-no penetrability of CNS because easily hydrolyzed in GIT, cannot reach CNS

Answer 20

quaternary

Question 21

unlike choline esters, they don’t have parent drugs because most of them are derived from plants

Answer 21

2. Alkaloids –

Question 22

type of direct-acting drug

• longer duration of action
• can be given through the oral route
• not easily hydrolyzed by GIT

Answer 22

alkaloids

Question 23

type of alkaloid
– cigarette
-isolated as a liquid
-easily absorbed across the skin
-risk is the same for active and passive smoker

Answer 23

nicotine

Question 24

type of alkaloid

isolated from mushrooms

Answer 24

Muscarine

Question 25

-if there is mushroom poisoning, the signs and symptoms would be

Answer 25

parasympathetic (diarrhea, sweating, increase in salivation, increase in urination)

Question 26

ciliary muscle contraction would allow ___ of aqueous humor

Answer 26

outflow

Question 27

what happens if aqueous humor accumulates

Answer 27

intraocular pressure increases - glaucoma

Question 28

type of drug to give to someone with glaucoma

Answer 28

pilocarpine

Question 29

Parasympathetic antagonist – will ____ the lungs

Answer 29

dilate

Question 30

can you give parasympathetic antagonist to asthmatic patients

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

when there is no activity in the intestine, give a type of drug

Answer 31

parasympathetic drug

Question 32

-predominant receptor in BV

Answer 32

α1

Question 33

Are there are receptors for parasympathetic in the blood vessels

Answer 33

no

Question 34

In BV, -under parasympathetic influence, it stimulates the secretion of _________, which cause vasodilation, thus blood pressure would decrease

Answer 34

EDRF or nitrous oxide

Question 35

does parasympathetic have a direct influence on blood vessels?

Answer 35

nO

Question 36

Relaxed muscle of the bladder – urine WOULD GO WHERE

Answer 36

accumulates inside

Question 37

Contraction of bladder – urine WOULD GO WHERE

Answer 37

urine goes out

Question 38

To make bladder contract, give what type of drug

Answer 38

parasym

Question 39

type of indirect acting - has quaternary NH4 group - prototype drug: Edrophonium

Answer 39

simple alcohol

Question 40

-prototype drug of simple alcohol

Answer 40

Edrophonium

Question 41

predom stimulation in CVS

Answer 41

more of sympathetic influence

Question 42

What does EDRF or NO do

Answer 42

vasodilation, thus blood pressure would decrease

Question 43

type of indirect acting - can be given orally - neostigmine - physostigmine (exception, lipid soluble)

Answer 43

2. Carbamates

Question 44

type of indirect acting Quaternary or tertiary NH4 group  30 minutes to 6 hours  Reversible

Answer 44

2. Carbamates

Question 45

exception in carbamates because it is lipid soluble

Answer 45

physostigmine

Question 46

type of indirect acting  Highly lipid soluble  Very long duration  Irreversible

Answer 46

ORGANIC DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHORIC | ACID

Question 47

type of organophosphate |  Used as insecticides

Answer 47

Parathion and malathion (thiophosphates)