endocrine glands

Question 1

– stimulates growth of bones, muscles and organs by increasing gene expression

Answer 1

GH

Question 2

-resists protein breakdown and favor fat breakdown during periods of starvation

Answer 2

GH

Question 3

↓GH, young person, small but normally proportioned

Answer 3

PITUITARY DWARF

Question 4

• ↑GH present before bones finish growing in length
• exaggerated bone growth
• abnormally tall

Answer 4

GIANTISM

Question 5

↑GH after completion of bone growth in length

-abnormally large facial features and hands

Answer 5

GIANTISM

Question 6

PERIODS OF INCREASED GH SECRETION

Answer 6

↑GH after completion of bone growth in length

-abnormally large facial features and hands

Question 7

somatomedins

• influences part of the effect of GH
• similar in structures to insulin and can bind to insulin receptors
• secretion from tissues is increased by GH

Answer 7

insulin-like growth factors

Question 8

• binds to MBR on cells in cortex of adrenal glands
• increases the secretion of cortisol/hydrocortisone
• required to keep adrenal cortex from degenerating

Answer 8

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 9

-bind to melanocytes in skin and increase skin pigmentation

Answer 9

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 10

– bind to MBR on cells of gonads

-regulate growth, development, and functioning of gonads

Answer 10

Gonadotropins

Question 11

cause the ovulation of oocytes and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 11

luteinizing hormone

Question 12

-stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

Answer 12

Interstitial Cell-stimulating hormone

Question 13

stimulates development of follicles in ovaries and sperm cells

Answer 13

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –

Question 14

binds to MBR in cells of breast

-helps promote development of breast during pregnancy

Answer 14

prolactin

Question 15

-stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy

Answer 15

prolactin

Question 16

binds to MBR on melanocytes

• causes MBR on melanocytes to synthesize melanin
• structure is similar to ACTH

Answer 16

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 17

• increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules (result: less water lost as urine)
• causes blood vessels to constrict

Answer 17

ADH VASOPRESSIN

Question 18

– caused by lack of ADH secretion

-production of large amount of dilute urine

Answer 18

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Question 19

causes contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus

-causes milk letdown from breasts of lactating women

Answer 19

OXYTOCIN

Question 20

• made up of 2 lobes connected by isthmus
• lobes are located on each side of trachea
• one of the largest endocrine glands
• appears more red because it is highly vascular
• surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Answer 20

THYROID GLAND

Question 21

secrete hormone calcitonin

Answer 21

C Cells or parafollicular cells

Question 22

enlargement of thyroid gland

-excess TSH

Answer 22

GOITER

Question 23

– lack of thyroid hormones

Answer 23

HYPOTHYROIDISIM

Question 24

– hypothyroidism in infants

-mental retardation, short stature, abnormally formed skeletal structure

Answer 24

cretinism

Question 25

hypothyroidism in adults | -decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks

Answer 25

myxedema

Question 26

elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion | -metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, chronic fatigue

Answer 26

hyperthyroidism

Question 27

• Graves disease – results when immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH -often accompanied by exophthalmia (bulging of eyes)

Answer 27

graves disease

Question 28

required to synthesize thyroid hormones | -taken up by thyroid follicles

Answer 28

IODINE

Question 29

secreted if blood concentration of Ca becomes too high | -binds to MBR of osteoclasts and reduces rate of Ca resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts

Answer 29

Calcitonin

Question 30

- embedded in posterior wall of the thyroid gland | - secrete parathyroid hormone

Answer 30

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Question 31

Binds to MBR of renal tubule cells – increases active vitamin D formation (Vit D – increase Ca absorption)

Answer 31

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 32

Binds to receptors on osteoblasts, increase osteoclast activity, cause resorption of bone tissue, release of Ca

Answer 32

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 33

Binds to receptors on renal tubules – decreases rate at which Ca is lost in urine

Answer 33

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 34

Acts on target tissues to raise blood Ca levels to normal

Answer 34

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 35

abnormally high rate of PTH secretion

Answer 35

hyperparathyroidism

Question 36

- increase in bone resorption and elevated blood Ca levels - bones become soft, deformed, easily fractured - nerve and muscle cells are less excitable = fatigue and muscle weakness

Answer 36

hyperparathyroidism

Question 37

– abnormally low rate of PTH secretion

Answer 37

hypoparathyroidism

Question 38

- low levels of Ca, decrease bone resorption | - nerve and muscle cells are more excitable = muscle cramps or tetanus = severe tetanus = breathing stops

Answer 38

hypoparathyroidism

Question 39

fight-or-flight hormones

Answer 39

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 40

type of steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex | helps regulate blood volume and blood levels of K and Na

Answer 40

Mineralocorticoids

Question 41

- binds to receptor molecules in kidneys - affects intestine, sweat glands, salivary glands - causes Na and H2O to be retained in the body - increases the rate at which K is eliminated

Answer 41

aldosterone

Question 42

release is caused by low blood pressure

Answer 42

renin

Question 43

causes smooth muscle in blood vessels to constrict | -acts on adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion

Answer 43

Angiotensin II

Question 44

class of steroid hormone of adrenal cortex helps regulate blood nutrient levels -major hormone: cortisol

Answer 44

Glucocorticoids

Question 45

– increases fat and protein breakdown - increases fat and protein conversion to usable forms of energy - causes proteins to be broken down to amino acids - reduces inflammatory and immune responses - secreted in large amounts in response to stressful conditions so it aids the body by providing energy sources for tissues

Answer 45

CORTISOL

Question 46

reduces inflammation cause by injuries | -reduces immune and inflammatory responses resulting from allergic reactions or abnormal responses

Answer 46

CORTISONE

Question 47

– regulate secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex

Answer 47

ACTH

Question 48

– stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics

Answer 48

ANDROGENS

Question 49

secrete insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells) which help regulate blood levels of nutrients

Answer 49

PANCREATIC ISLETS

Question 50

nervous system’s main source of energy

Answer 50

glucose

Question 51

– reduced pH of body fluids below normal condition -result of low blood glucose levels, which causes the breakdown of fats, which causes the release of fatty acids and ketones

Answer 51

acidosis

Question 52

– respond to elevated blood glucose levels and increased parasympathetic stimulation associated with digestion of a meal -respond to blood levels of certain amino acids

Answer 52

insulin

Question 53

- binds to MBR receptors and increases the rate of glucose and amino acid uptake - glucose is converted to glycogen or fat, amino acid to protein

Answer 53

insulin

Question 54

– too little insulin secreted | -tissues cannot take up glucose effectively

Answer 54

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 55

too much insulin present, no glucose, brain malfunctions (no energy source) -causes disorientation, convulsions, loss of consciousness

Answer 55

Insulin shock

Question 56

– insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells | -defective receptors

Answer 56

Type 2 Diabetus Mellitus

Question 57

– released from alpha cells when blood glucose are low | -binds to MBR in liver, causing glycogen → glucose

Answer 57

Glucagon

Question 58

male sex hormone, secreted by testes | -growth and development of male reproductive structures, muscle enlargement, growth of body hair, etc

Answer 58

Testosterone –

Question 59

– development and function of female reproductive structures - enlargement of breasts and distribution of fat - menstrual cycle

Answer 59

Estrogen & Progesterone

Question 60

stimulate secretion of hormones from ovaries and testes | -also has a negative feedback

Answer 60

LH & FSH –

Question 61

- upper part of thoracic cavity - important in the function of immune system - secretes thymosin - most important early in life

Answer 61

Thymus

Question 62

aids the development of T cells (WBC)

Answer 62

thymosin

Question 63

help protect body against infection

Answer 63

T cells –

Question 64

- small, pine-cone shaped structure - located superior and posterior to the thalamus - produces melatonin

Answer 64

PINEAL GLAND

Question 65

– function as intercellular signals, widely distributed throughout the body - not transported long distances - cause contraction and relaxation of different smooth muscles - used medically to initiate abortion - inflammation: released by damaged tissues and cause blood vessel dilation, localized swelling, pain - necessary for normal blood clotting

Answer 65

prostaglandins

Question 66

secreted by kidneys - respond to reduced O2 levels in kidney - acts on bone marrow to increase production of RBC

Answer 66

Erythropoietin

Question 67

– similar in structure and function to LH

Answer 67

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 68

important source of hormones that maintain pregnancy and stimulate breast development

Answer 68

Placenta