tissues Flashcards by Carmina Mislang

group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo
-function together carry out specialized activities

Tissue –

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composed mostly of cells with little extracellular material tightly packed together

arranged in sheets and attached to a basement membrane
avascular (not supplied by blood capillaries) and is nourished by diffusion from the capillaries of underlying connective tissues

Epithelial tissues –

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– lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs; cardiovascular and lymphatic system

permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases (O2 and CO2)
flat, thin and scale-like; allows for rapid passage of substances through them
function: diffusion

Simple squamous

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– lines kidney tubules and glands

function: secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules
cubelike; may have microvilli at the apical (free) surface
role of microvilli: increase surface area for absorption

Simple cuboidal

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lines most digestive organs and the gallbladder
absorbs nutrients and produces mucus
contains columnar epithelial cells with microvilli and goblet cells

Simple columnar

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– appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface, but it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on its basement membrane

pseudo because of varying positions of cells
clue: all components are attached to a common basement membrane

Pseudostratified epithelium

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outer layer of skin (epidermis), mouth, vagina

-protects against absorption, drying out (desiccation), infection

stratified squamous

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lines ducts of sweat glands and male urethra

secretes water and ions
2 or more layers

Stratified cuboidal

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lines epididymis, mammary glands, larynx

secretes mucus
part of the conjunctiva (thinnest skin) of the eye

Stratified columnar

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– appearance is variable

cells change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back (like the urinary bladder)
depends on the organ
role of cilia: aid secretion and absorption of whatever substance

• Transitional Epithelium

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space/central part of cuboidal cells

Lumen –

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– unicellular gland, epithelial cell; its secretion is mucus (sole function) to protect the organ from cell digestion
-look like empty sac-like structures

Goblet cell

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forms brush border

microvilli

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– lines the tracheal airway

not a true stratified tissue
mucus produced by goblet cell traps dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs
Location: lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, auditory tubes, bronchi of the lungs
“respiratory epithelium”
function: secretes mucus and moves mucus and debris

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

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highly specialized to contract or shorten, to produce movement
muscle cells are elongated to provide a long axis for contraction hence, they are called muscle fibers

MUSCLE TISSUE

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Excitability – ability to respond to stimuli
Contractility - ability to shorten forcefully
Extensibility – ability to stretch
Elasticity - ability to resume resting length after contraction
Tonicity - ability to maintain steady state of partial contraction

properties of muscle tissue

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contractile elements

basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle
segment between Z disks

sarcomere

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receives stimuli from environment or from different organs
transmits impulses to brain and spinal cord
bring appropriate motor responses

nervous tissue

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properties of nervous tissue

irritability and conductivity

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elements of nervous tissue

neurons

neuroglia

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parts of neuron

cell body soma cyton perikaryon

processes

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type of neuron
many processes
-many dendrites one axon
-starlike; fish eye
-seen in the brain and spinal cord

multipolar

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type of neuron
two processes
-1 axon, 1 dendrite
-sensory neurons of eyes, nose, ears
-spindle shaped appearance of nerve cell

bipolar

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type of neuron
– 1 process
-only one axon
-will branch and act as dendrite, the other as axon
-owl’s eye

unipolar

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- mainly composed of extracellular matrix of ground substance and protein fibers - highly vascular except for cartilage, tendons, and ligaments - consist of 2 basic elements: extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) and cells - cells are derived primarily from mesenchymal cells

Connective Tissues

- large, flat cells with branching processes - secrete extracellular matrix - true connective tissue cells

fibroblasts

– large, irregular –shaped with short blunt cytoplasmic processes - develop from monocytes (a WBC type) - capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris - capable of phagocytosis; have pseudopods for engulfing

Macrophages

– many granules - abundant basophilic cytoplasmic granules which obscure the nucleus - produce histamine, chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response - can bind, ingest, kill bacteria

Mast cells

have signet ring appearance; nucleus is on the side (like the ‘pendant’ of a ring) -specialized for fat storage

adipocytes

cart-wheel or wall clock appearance - develop from a type of WBC called B lymphocytes - have characteristic clock face or cart wheel appearance around the nuclear envelope - principle produces of antibodies

Plasma cells –

not found in significant numbers | -migrate from blood into connective tissue in response to infection

WBC

- Component of umbilical cord (stem cells) - Transient type that appears in normal development and differentiation of CT - Consists of fibroblasts and collagen fibers with processes that appears to fuse with others - Intercellular substance is abundant - Soft, jelly-like and homogenous in fresh ppt - Contains granular and fibrillar ppts when fixed - Classic object of study is Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord

Mucuous CT

– has many spaces called areola - most widely distributed - soft, pliable tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps - fluid matrix contains cell types of fibers - contains innumerable spaces called areola that provide reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues (for emergency) - when a body region is inflamed, the areolar tissue in the area soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy, a condition called edema - looks like a tissue paper, used to see CT

• Areolar CT

- ground substance is fluid & relatively scanty due to abundant fat cells - large fat cells are closely packed into fat lobules - large size of fat cell is due to the presence of lymphoid organs (tissue, appendix, spleen)

• Adipose CT

dark brown to black - forms the framework or CT ______ of bone marrow, lymphoid organs and endocrine glands - together with phagocytes of other tissue is collectively known as reticulo-endothelial –macrophage system - concerned with defense system of the body - consists of network of reticular fibers and cells

• Reticular CT –

differs from loose mainly in great abundance of fibers

dense CT

messy arrangement of fibers - seen in those organs pulled in many directions - skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage - bottom skin of frog

• Dense Irregular CT –

 Dense, firm but pliable  Has cells (chondrocytes – uniqueness: cavities), fibers (collagens and elastic fibers) and ground substance (chondromucoprotein)  Lacunae – cavities where chondrocytes are housed  Some enveloped by a fibrous tissue sheath called perichondrium  No nerve nor blood supply of its own (avascular) and lacks lymphatic

cartilage

• – with perichondrium, invisible fibers - function: provide smooth surface for movement of joints, flexibility and support - matrix is homogenous, clear and glasslike because matrix and the collagenous fiber have the same refractive index - chondrocytes located in lacuna - cells may be in singles or in groups called cell nest or isogenous group - location: trachea, anterior ends of ribs, growing ends of limbs, pharynx

Hyaline

with perichondrium; branching fine fibers - greater opacity, flexibility, elasticity - permeated in all directions by branching elastic fibers - location: external ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis

Elastic

• – no perichondrium - transitional from between dense CT and cartilage - chondrocytes are linearly arranged in between bundles of collagenous fibers - with dense network of anastomosing bundles of collagenous fibers - location: pubic symphysis, invertebral discs mandibular joints

Fibrocartilage

harder than cartilage, rigid | -calcified matrix

4. Bone/Osseous Tissue –

basic unit of compact bone

Osteon or Haversian System –

– small spaces between lamellae that contain the mature bone cells (chondrocytes/osteocytes)

Lacunae

network of minute canals that extend from the H canal to the lacunae and from one lacuna to another -for the exchange of metabolic wastes

Canaliculi

- contains large spaces and in which the extracellular matrix is arranged as little beans called traveculae - make up the ends of the bones/ in the epiphysis

Spongy /Cancellous

* channels of communication in compact bone

Volkmann’s canals –

liquid matrix which bathes the cells; does not clot because of anticoagulant

plasma

– liquid portion of clotted blood

serum

exhibit rouleaux formation because edges are sticky causing them to adhere to each other - oxygen carrier (made possible by hgb) - mature human ___ are non-motile, biconcave discs

rbc

not actually cells but fragments of megakaryocytes - refractive irregularly shaped cells - function: blood clotting

Platelets/ Thrombocytes

``` Attached to bone Striated Cylindrical; not branched Multinucleated; nuclei at the sides or periphery Rapid, forceful, not sustained Voluntary ```

skeletal muscle

Seen in walls of the heart Striated Cylindrical but branched Mono or binucleated; nucleus at the center Autorhythmicity Branched Presence of intercalated discs (dark and thick lines) Involuntary

cardiac

Seen in visceral or excretory organs Non-striated Spindle shaped (thick at the center); tapered Mononucleated; nucleus at the center Slow and sustained Involuntary

visceral

made up of ECM packed with collagenous fibers arranged in orderly manner strong rope like structures includes tendons and ligaments

denser regular CT

Most abundant primary tissue in the body

Form the ecm of loose CT

Fibroblast

Form the ecm of loose CT

Fibroblast

Form the ecm of cartilage

Chondroblasys

Form the ecm of cartilage

Chondroblasys

Form the ecm of bones

Osteoblasts

Form the ecm of bones

Osteoblasts

Most abundant type of CT

Areolar

Most abundant type of CT

Areolar

Forma the stroma in lymphoid organs

Reticular

Forma the stroma in lymphoid organs

Reticular

Adipocytes are Found in groups called ---- separated by ----

Adipose lobules | Trabeculae

Adipocytes are Found in groups called ---- separated by ----

Adipose lobules | Trabeculae

Responsible for the tensile strength of cartilahe

Collagenous

Responsible for the tensile strength of cartilahe

Collagenous

Responsible for the resiliency of cartilage

Gelatinous ground substance

Responsible for the resiliency of cartilage

Gelatinous ground substance

When chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance they become trapped in ----- and become -----

Lacuna | Chondrocytes

When chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance they become trapped in ----- and become -----

Lacuna | Chondrocytes

How are chondrocytes nourished?

Diffusion from underlying vascular tissues

How are chondrocytes nourished?

Diffusion from underlying vascular tissues

Predominant cartilahe in the body

Hyaline

Predominant cartilahe in the body

Hyaline

Precursor of most bones

Hyaline

Precursor of most bones

Hyaline

Not visible in stained preparations because?

Fibers and matrix have same refractive index

Not visible in stained preparations because?

Fibers and matrix have same refractive index

Chondrocytes may appear in isogenous groups of cells called

Cell nests

Chondrocytes may appear in isogenous groups of cells called

Cell nests

Weakest cartilahe

Hyaline

Weakest cartilahe

Hyaline

Provides strength and elasticity

Elastic cartilahe

Provides strength and elasticity

Elastic cartilahe

Collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a herringbone pattern

Fibrocartilage

Collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a herringbone pattern

Fibrocartilage

Provides strength and rigidity

Fibrocartilage

Provides strength and rigidity

Fibrocartilage

Compact and spongy bone can be differentiates by

amount and sizes of space present

Compact and spongy bone can be differentiates by

amount and sizes of space present

Dark bands where cardiac muscles connect end to end | Thus promoting adhesion of cells

Cardia muscle tissues

Dark bands where cardiac muscles connect end to end | Thus promoting adhesion of cells

Cardia muscle tissues

What consists intercalated disks

Gap junctions

What consists intercalated disks

Gap junctions

Facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell resulting in rapid conduction of electrical impulses across the heart

Cardiac muscle tissue

Facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell resulting in rapid conduction of electrical impulses across the heart

Cardiac muscle tissue

tissues Flashcards

(101 cards)