GI Bible Flashcards by Joanne McEwan

which nerve supplies the rectum?

inferior rectal nerve

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how is H. Pylori diagnosed/treated?

diagnosed via Urea breath test
Treated with triple therapy:
- PPI + amoxy (metronidazole if allergic) + clarythromicin

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what differentiates a gastric vs duodenal ulcer?

duodenal relieved by milk

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what is the sign of achalasia and how is it treated?

birds beak appearance on barium swallow

hellers cardiomyotomy or balloon dilatation

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what is the acute presentation of oesophageal varices?

massive bleeding - haematomesis and malaena

history of liver disease or portal hypertension

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how is an oesophageal variceal bleed treated?

recuscitation (correct clotting abnormalities)
IV terlipressin/vasopressin
Banding
Sengstaken Blakermore Tube
TIPSS?

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How are oesophageal varices prevented?

TIPSS
Beta blockers
Endoscopy and banding

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what are some trademarks of crohns?

cobblestone mucosa
recurrent oral stomatitis
deep fissuring ulceration of mucosa

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what is the treatment for crohns?

Mesalazine (5-ASA)
immunosuppression - Azathioprine
Steroids - Prednisolone?

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what is barrets oesophagus?

replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- development of goblet cells = adenocarcinoma risk

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what is murphy’s sign?

Tests for gallbladder inflammation
Examiner hooks fingers under liver and asks patient to exhale, if gallbladder descends into hands causing pain = inflammation

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what is duke’s classification?

staging system for colorectal cancer
A = confined to submucosa
B1 = not crossed bowel wall
B2 = crossed bowel wall
C = not crossed bowel wall + lymph node metastases
D = crossed bowel wall + lymph node metastases

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how is ascites managed?

spironolactone

paracentesis

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what are the side effects of spironolactone?

gynaecomastia

hyperkalaemia

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what can hyperkalaemia cause?

risk of arrhythmais

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what does thumb printing at the splenic flexure indicate?

ischaemic colitis

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what is another name for the external urethral orifice?

meatus

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which foods take the longest to digest?

fatty foods

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what is the difference between haemorrhoids and rectal prolapse?

haemorrhoids:
- prolapse of rectal venous plexus due to chronic constipation/pregnancy/portal hypertension
Rectal prolapse = the actual rectal tissue comes out

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What does BUFALO stand for (sepsis management)?

Bloods
Urine output (measure)
Fluids
Antibiotics
Lactate (measure)
Oxygen

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what is wilsons disease?

autosomal recessive disease of copper metabolism
Low caeruloplasmin
Kayser-fleischer rings

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what is grey turner’s sign?

bruising of flanks

acute pancreatitis

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what is Cullen’s sign?

umbilical bruising

acute pancreatitis

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what are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

cullens sign
grey turner's sign
epigastric pain radiating to the back
vomiting
raised amylase
raised lipase

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what is virchows node?

left supraclavicular lymph node | enlarged in gastric cancer

what do signet ring cells on biopsy indicate?

diffuse stomach cancer (linitis plastica)

what does high AFP (alphafeto protein) indicate?

hepatocellular carcinoma

what will oesophageal spasm look like on barium swallow?

corkscrew oesophagus

abdominal pain and diarrhoea after sour milk or shellfish?

campylobacter

what is charcot's triad?

fever, jaundice, abdominal pain | indicates acute cholangitis

what is short bowel syndrome?

bowel <2m due to surgical resection

what is the blood supply to the foregut?

coeliac trunk: - common hepatic - left gastric - splenic

what is the blood supply to the midgut?

superior mesenteric: - ileal and jejunal arteries - ileo colics - right colics - middle colics

what is the blood supply to the hindgut?

inferior mesenteric: - left colics (goes up becoming marginal artry which anastomoses with middle colics) - sigmoid arteries

where is the adrenal gland?

suprarenal (above kidney)

what cells produce each substance in the GI tract?

``` CCK = I cells Gastrin = G cells Somatostatin = D cells GIP = K cells GLP-1 = L cells HCl = Secretin = S cells Motilin = M cells Ghrelin = Gr cells ```

what is Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?

recurrent peptic ulcers due to gastrin secreting tumour

antibiotics are always used in gastroenteritis, true or false?

false not given and stopped if they are causing it especially in Ecoli

what is HUS?

``` haemolytic uraemic syndrome - haemolytic anaemia - acute kidney failure - low platelets caused by E.Coli ```

what often causes toxic megacolon?

what is haemochromatosis and how is it treated?

Iron overload disease | treated with phlemotomy and blood letting (regular blood removal)

what is leukonychia?

white nails | sign of hypoalbuminaemia

what is koilonychias?

nail spooning | sign of iron deficiency anaemia

what can cause prehepatic jaundice?

gilberts haemolytic anaemia newborn trauma

what can cause intrahepatic jaundice?

``` viral hepatitis alcoholic hepatitis autoimmune hepatitis decompensated cirrhosis PSC PBC ```

what can cause post hepatic jaundice?

obstruction: - gallstones - head of pancreas cancer - gallbladder cancer

what are Mallory hyaline bodies?

darker splodges in cytoplasm of liver cells | indicate alcoholic lover disease

which muscle is important in urination and defaecation?

levator ani | must relax to allow urination and defaecation

what vertebral level does the coeliac trunk arise?

T12

at what vertebral level does the vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

T8 | 8 letters

at what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

T10 | 10 letters

what is the aortic hiatus?

hole in diaphragm at T12 where aorta, azygous vein and hemiazygous vein pass through (12 letters)

what is PSC and what are the signs?

``` primary sclerosing cholangitis beading of the bile ducts assoc with UC "onion skinning fibrosis" pANCA +ve ```

what is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity when lying supine?

hepatorenal recess/Morrison's pouch

what is the rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas?

area between rectum and uterus in females

what is the rectovesical pouch?

area between rectum and bladder in males

what does a very high creatinine indicate?

renal problem

what is the buccinators?

muscle of cheek that moves food during mastication

antibody for PBC?

anti-mitochondrial antibody

antibody for autoimmune hepatitis?

anti-smooth-muscle antibody

antibody for coeliac disease?

Anti transglutaminase antibody | endomysial antibody

antibody for UC and PSC?

pANCA | also cANCA in PSC

what does CA-125 cause?

ovarian cancer

how does hemochromatosis present?

pigmentation | diabetes

what is PBC assoc with?

rheumatoid disease | thyroid disease

what is PSC assoc with?

IBD, esp. UC

GI Bible Flashcards

(66 cards)