Flashcards in MEH 2 - Intro To Metabolism Deck (34):
1
What is meant by 'transport work' in cells?
Energy required for movement of ions and nutrients across membranes
2
What does ATP split into after it is used to provide energy?
ADP and Pi
3
What is the official SI unit of food energy?
Kilojoule
4
What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?
(CH2O)n
5
Put these in order of smallest to largest:
Oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, polysaccharides
- monosaccharides (single sugar units)
- disaccharides (2 units)
- oligosaccharides (3-12 units)
- polysaccharides (10-1000s units)
6
Give an example of a polysaccharide
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
7
Give some examples of dietary disaccharides
- sucrose (glucose-fructose)
- lactose (galactose-glucose)
- maltose (glucose-glucose)
8
True or false - starch is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in animals?
False - it's the main storage molecule in plants. Glycogen is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in animals
9
What are the nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from other sources?
(Remember the mnemonic: 'if learned this huge list may prove truly valuable')
- isoleucine
- lysine
- threonine
- histidine
- leucine
- methionine
- phenylalanine
- tryptophan
- valine
10
What is fat composed of?
Lipids composed of triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol)
11
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
Vitamins A, D, E and K
12
Sodium, potassium and chloride are electrolytes. What are these required for?
They establish ion gradients across membranes, and maintain water balance
13
What is the routine maintenance amount of water that should be given through IV fluids?
30 ml/kg/day
14
Give some examples of dietary fibre
- cellulose
- lignin
- pectins
- gums
15
Why can humans not digest cellulose?
We do not make the required enzymes to break the beta-1,4 linkages in cellulose
16
What is the recommended average intake of dietary fibre?
18g/day
17
What are the consequences of a low fibre intake?
Constipation and bowel cancer
18
What are the benefits of a high fibre intake?
Lowers cholesterol and risk of diabetes
19
What are dietary reference values?
A series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population
20
Which factors determine nutrient requirements?
Age, gender and level of physical activity
21
What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?
- basal metabolic rate
- diet-induced thermogenesis (energy required to process food)
- physical activity level
22
Give some factors that affect basal metabolic rate (the value that maintains resting activities of the body)
- body size
- gender
- environmental temperature
- endocrine status
- body temperature
23
What is obesity?
Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health
24
How is BMI calculated?
Weight (kg) / height squared (metres squared)
25
Which group of individuals may be wrongly classified as obese in the BMI scale?
Very muscular individuals
26
Under which BMI value are people classified as underweight?
18.5
27
What is the BMI range for a desirable weight?
18.5 - 24.9
28
What is BMI range for overweight?
25 - 29.9
29
What is the BMI range for obese?
30 - 34.9
30
Over which BMI value are people classified as severely obese?
35
31
Give an alternative measurement that can be used instead of BMI
Waist/hip ratio
32
Are the BMI classifications different for men and women?
No - the same values correspond to the same classification
33
What problems are associated with having a greater proportion of fat in upper body/abdomen?
- insulin resistance
- hyperinsulinism
- type 2 diabetes
- hypertension
- hyperlipidaemia
- stroke
- premature death
34